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elisp : Numbers

table of contents

  Introduction
  Coding Conventions
  Lisp Data Types
  Numbers
  Strings and Characters
  Lists
  Sequences Arrays Vectors
  Hash Tables
  Symbols
  Evaluation
  Control Structures
  Variables
  Functions
  Macros
  Customization
  Loading
  Byte Compilation
  Advising Functions
  Debugging
  Read and Print
  Minibuffers
  Command Loop
  Keymaps
  Modes
  Documentation
  Files
  Backups and Auto-Saving
  Buffers
  Windows
  Frames
  Positions
  Markers
  Text
  Non-ASCII Characters
  Searching and Matching
  Syntax Tables
  Abbrevs
  Processes
  Display
  Calendar
  System Interface
  Antinews
  GNU Free Documentation License
  GPL
  Tips
  GNU Emacs Internals
  Standard Errors
  Standard Buffer-Local Variables
  Standard Keymaps
  Standard Hooks
  Index
  New Symbols
  Caveats
  Lisp History
  Conventions
  Acknowledgements
  Some Terms
  nil and t
  Evaluation Notation
  Printing Notation
  Error Messages
  Buffer Text Notation
  Format of Descriptions
  Coding Conventions
  Compilation Tips
  Documentation Tips
  Comment Tips
  Library Headers
  A Sample Function Description
  A Sample Variable Description
  Printed Representation
  Comments
  Programming Types
  Editing Types
  Type Predicates
  Equality Predicates
  Integer Type
  Floating Point Type
  Character Type
  Sequence Type
  Cons Cell Type
  Array Type
  String Type
  Vector Type
  Symbol Type
  Function Type
  Macro Type
  Primitive Function Type
  Byte-Code Type
  Autoload Type
  Dotted Pair Notation
  Association List Type
  Buffer Type
  Window Type
  Window Configuration Type
  Marker Type
  Process Type
  Stream Type
  Keymap Type
  Overlay Type
  Integer Basics
  Float Basics
  Predicates on Numbers
  Comparison of Numbers
  Arithmetic Operations
  Bitwise Operations
  Numeric Conversions
  Math Functions
  Random Numbers
  String Basics
  Predicates for Strings
  Creating Strings
  Text Comparison
  String Conversion
  Formatting Strings
  Case Conversion
  Cons Cells
  Lists as Boxes
  List-related Predicates
  List Elements
  Building Lists
  Modifying Lists
  Sets And Lists
  Association Lists
  Setcar
  Setcdr
  Rearrangement
  Sequence Functions
  Arrays
  Array Functions
  Vectors
  Symbol Components
  Definitions
  Creating Symbols
  Property Lists
  Intro Eval
  Eval
  Forms
  Quoting
  Self-Evaluating Forms
  Symbol Forms
  Classifying Lists
  Function Forms
  Macro Forms
  Special Forms
  Autoloading
  Sequencing
  Conditionals
  Combining Conditions
  Iteration
  Nonlocal Exits
  Catch and Throw
  Examples of Catch
  Errors
  Cleanups
  Signaling Errors
  Processing of Errors
  Handling Errors
  Error Symbols
  Global Variables
  Constant Variables
  Local Variables
  Void Variables
  Defining Variables
  Accessing Variables
  Setting Variables
  Variable Scoping
  Buffer-Local Variables
  Scope
  Extent
  Impl of Scope
  Using Scoping
  Intro to Buffer-Local
  Creating Buffer-Local
  Default Value
  What Is a Function
  Lambda Expressions
  Function Names
  Defining Functions
  Calling Functions
  Mapping Functions
  Anonymous Functions
  Function Cells
  Related Topics
  Lambda Components
  Simple Lambda
  Argument List
  Function Documentation
  Simple Macro
  Expansion
  Compiling Macros
  Defining Macros
  Backquote
  Problems with Macros
  How Programs Do Loading
  Autoload
  Named Features
  Repeated Loading
  Compilation Functions
  Disassembly
  Simple Advice
  Defining Advice
  Computed Advice
  Activation of Advice
  Enabling Advice
  Preactivation
  Argument Access in Advice
  Subr Arguments
  Combined Definition
  Debugger
  Syntax Errors
  Compilation Errors
  Edebug
  Error Debugging
  Function Debugging
  Explicit Debug
  Using Debugger
  Debugger Commands
  Invoking the Debugger
  Internals of Debugger
  Excess Open
  Excess Close
  Streams Intro
  Input Streams
  Input Functions
  Output Streams
  Output Functions
  Intro to Minibuffers
  Text from Minibuffer
  Object from Minibuffer
  Completion
  Yes-or-No Queries
  Minibuffer Misc
  Basic Completion
  Minibuffer Completion
  Completion Commands
  High-Level Completion
  Reading File Names
  Programmed Completion
  Command Overview
  Defining Commands
  Interactive Call
  Command Loop Info
  Input Events
  Reading Input
  Waiting
  Quitting
  Prefix Command Arguments
  Recursive Editing
  Disabling Commands
  Command History
  Keyboard Macros
  Using Interactive
  Interactive Codes
  Interactive Examples
  Keymap Terminology
  Format of Keymaps
  Creating Keymaps
  Inheritance and Keymaps
  Prefix Keys
  Menu Keymaps
  Active Keymaps
  Key Lookup
  Functions for Key Lookup
  Changing Key Bindings
  Key Binding Commands
  Scanning Keymaps
  Major Modes
  Minor Modes
  Mode Line Format
  Hooks
  Major Mode Conventions
  Example Major Modes
  Auto Major Mode
  Mode Help
  Minor Mode Conventions
  Keymaps and Minor Modes
  Mode Line Data
  Mode Line Variables
  %-Constructs
  Documentation Basics
  Accessing Documentation
  Keys in Documentation
  Describing Characters
  Help Functions
  Visiting Files
  Saving Buffers
  Reading from Files
  Writing to Files
  File Locks
  Information about Files
  Contents of Directories
  Changing Files
  File Names
  Visiting Functions
  Subroutines of Visiting
  Testing Accessibility
  Kinds of Files
  File Attributes
  File Name Components
  Directory Names
  Relative File Names
  File Name Expansion
  Unique File Names
  File Name Completion
  Backup Files
  Auto-Saving
  Reverting
  Making Backups
  Rename or Copy
  Numbered Backups
  Backup Names
  Buffer Basics
  Buffer Names
  Buffer File Name
  Buffer Modification
  Modification Time
  Read Only Buffers
  The Buffer List
  Creating Buffers
  Killing Buffers
  Current Buffer
  Basic Windows
  Splitting Windows
  Deleting Windows
  Selecting Windows
  Cyclic Window Ordering
  Buffers and Windows
  Displaying Buffers
  Window Point
  Window Start
  Vertical Scrolling
  Horizontal Scrolling
  Size of Window
  Resizing Windows
  Window Configurations
  Creating Frames
  Multiple Displays
  Frame Parameters
  Frame Titles
  Deleting Frames
  Finding All Frames
  Frames and Windows
  Minibuffers and Frames
  Input Focus
  Visibility of Frames
  Raising and Lowering
  Frame Configurations
  Mouse Tracking
  Mouse Position
  Pop-Up Menus
  Dialog Boxes
  Pointer Shapes
  Window System Selections
  Color Names
  Resources
  Display Feature Testing
  Point
  Motion
  Excursions
  Narrowing
  Character Motion
  Word Motion
  Buffer End Motion
  Text Lines
  Screen Lines
  List Motion
  Skipping Characters
  Overview of Markers
  Predicates on Markers
  Creating Markers
  Information from Markers
  Moving Markers
  The Mark
  The Region
  Near Point
  Buffer Contents
  Insertion
  Commands for Insertion
  Deletion
  User-Level Deletion
  The Kill Ring
  Undo
  Auto Filling
  Filling
  Margins
  Sorting
  Indentation
  Columns
  Case Changes
  Text Properties
  Substitution
  Transposition
  Registers
  Change Hooks
  Kill Ring Concepts
  Kill Functions
  Yank Commands
  Low-Level Kill Ring
  Internals of Kill Ring
  Primitive Indent
  Mode-Specific Indent
  Region Indent
  Relative Indent
  Indent Tabs
  Motion by Indent
  Examining Properties
  Changing Properties
  Property Search
  Special Properties
  Format Properties
  Sticky Properties
  Saving Properties
  Lazy Properties
  Clickable Text
  Fields
  Not Intervals
  Text Representations
  Converting Representations
  Selecting a Representation
  Character Codes
  Character Sets
  Chars and Bytes
  Splitting Characters
  Scanning Charsets
  Translation of Characters
  Coding Systems
  Input Methods
  Locales
  String Search
  Regular Expressions
  Regexp Search
  Match Data
  Saving Match Data
  Standard Regexps
  Searching and Case
  Syntax of Regexps
  Regexp Example
  Syntax Descriptors
  Syntax Table Functions
  Parsing Expressions
  Standard Syntax Tables
  Syntax Table Internals
  Syntax Class Table
  Syntax Flags
  Abbrev Mode
  Abbrev Tables
  Defining Abbrevs
  Abbrev Files
  Abbrev Expansion
  Standard Abbrev Tables
  Subprocess Creation
  Synchronous Processes
  Asynchronous Processes
  Deleting Processes
  Process Information
  Input to Processes
  Signals to Processes
  Output from Processes
  Sentinels
  Network
  Process Buffers
  Filter Functions
  Accepting Output
  Starting Up
  Getting Out
  System Environment
  Terminal Input
  Terminal Output
  Flow Control
  Batch Mode
  Startup Summary
  Init File
  Terminal-Specific
  Command-Line Arguments
  Killing Emacs
  Suspending Emacs
  Refresh Screen
  Truncation
  The Echo Area
  Selective Display
  Overlay Arrow
  Temporary Displays
  Waiting
  Blinking
  Usual Display
  Beeping
  Window Systems
  Building Emacs
  Pure Storage
  Garbage Collection
  Object Internals
  Writing Emacs Primitives
  Buffer Internals
  Window Internals
  Process Internals

Numbers ******* GNU Emacs supports two numeric data types: "integers" and "floating point numbers". Integers are whole numbers such as -3, 0, 7, 13, and 511. Their values are exact. Floating point numbers are numbers with fractional parts, such as -4.5, 0.0, or 2.71828. They can also be expressed in exponential notation: 1.5e2 equals 150; in this example, `e2' stands for ten to the second power, and that is multiplied by 1.5. Floating point values are not exact; they have a fixed, limited amount of precision. * Menu: * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not.
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elisp : Numbers table of contents   Introduction   Coding Conventions   Lisp Data Types   Numbers   Strings and Characters   Lists   Sequences Arrays Vectors   Hash Tables   Symbols   Evaluation   Control Structures   Variables   Functions   Macros   Customization   Loading   Byte Compilation   Advising Functions   Debugging   Read and Print   Minibuffers   Command Loop   Keymaps   Modes   Documentation   Files   Backups and Auto-Saving   Buffers   Windows   Frames   Positions   Markers   Text   Non-ASCII Characters   Searching and Matching   Syntax Tables   Abbrevs   Processes   Display   Calendar   System Interface   Antinews   GNU Free Documentation License   GPL   Tips   GNU Emacs Internals   Standard Errors   Standard Buffer-Local Variables   Standard Keymaps   Standard Hooks   Index   New Symbols   Caveats   Lisp History   Conventions   Acknowledgements   Some Terms   nil and t   Evaluation Notation   Printing Notation   Error Messages   Buffer Text Notation   Format of Descriptions   Coding Conventions   Compilation Tips   Documentation Tips   Comment Tips   Library Headers   A Sample Function Description   A Sample Variable Description   Printed Representation   Comments   Programming Types   Editing Types   Type Predicates   Equality Predicates   Integer Type   Floating Point Type   Character Type   Sequence Type   Cons Cell Type   Array Type   String Type   Vector Type   Symbol Type   Function Type   Macro Type   Primitive Function Type   Byte-Code Type   Autoload Type   Dotted Pair Notation   Association List Type   Buffer Type   Window Type   Window Configuration Type   Marker Type   Process Type   Stream Type   Keymap Type   Overlay Type   Integer Basics   Float Basics   Predicates on Numbers   Comparison of Numbers   Arithmetic Operations   Bitwise Operations   Numeric Conversions   Math Functions   Random Numbers   String Basics   Predicates for Strings   Creating Strings   Text Comparison   String Conversion   Formatting Strings   Case Conversion   Cons Cells   Lists as Boxes   List-related Predicates   List Elements   Building Lists   Modifying Lists   Sets And Lists   Association Lists   Setcar   Setcdr   Rearrangement   Sequence Functions   Arrays   Array Functions   Vectors   Symbol Components   Definitions   Creating Symbols   Property Lists   Intro Eval   Eval   Forms   Quoting   Self-Evaluating Forms   Symbol Forms   Classifying Lists   Function Forms   Macro Forms   Special Forms   Autoloading   Sequencing   Conditionals   Combining Conditions   Iteration   Nonlocal Exits   Catch and Throw   Examples of Catch   Errors   Cleanups   Signaling Errors   Processing of Errors   Handling Errors   Error Symbols   Global Variables   Constant Variables   Local Variables   Void Variables   Defining Variables   Accessing Variables   Setting Variables   Variable Scoping   Buffer-Local Variables   Scope   Extent   Impl of Scope   Using Scoping   Intro to Buffer-Local   Creating Buffer-Local   Default Value   What Is a Function   Lambda Expressions   Function Names   Defining Functions   Calling Functions   Mapping Functions   Anonymous Functions   Function Cells   Related Topics   Lambda Components   Simple Lambda   Argument List   Function Documentation   Simple Macro   Expansion   Compiling Macros   Defining Macros   Backquote   Problems with Macros   How Programs Do Loading   Autoload   Named Features   Repeated Loading   Compilation Functions   Disassembly   Simple Advice   Defining Advice   Computed Advice   Activation of Advice   Enabling Advice   Preactivation   Argument Access in Advice   Subr Arguments   Combined Definition   Debugger   Syntax Errors   Compilation Errors   Edebug   Error Debugging   Function Debugging   Explicit Debug   Using Debugger   Debugger Commands   Invoking the Debugger   Internals of Debugger   Excess Open   Excess Close   Streams Intro   Input Streams   Input Functions   Output Streams   Output Functions   Intro to Minibuffers   Text from Minibuffer   Object from Minibuffer   Completion   Yes-or-No Queries   Minibuffer Misc   Basic Completion   Minibuffer Completion   Completion Commands   High-Level Completion   Reading File Names   Programmed Completion   Command Overview   Defining Commands   Interactive Call   Command Loop Info   Input Events   Reading Input   Waiting   Quitting   Prefix Command Arguments   Recursive Editing   Disabling Commands   Command History   Keyboard Macros   Using Interactive   Interactive Codes   Interactive Examples   Keymap Terminology   Format of Keymaps   Creating Keymaps   Inheritance and Keymaps   Prefix Keys   Menu Keymaps   Active Keymaps   Key Lookup   Functions for Key Lookup   Changing Key Bindings   Key Binding Commands   Scanning Keymaps   Major Modes   Minor Modes   Mode Line Format   Hooks   Major Mode Conventions   Example Major Modes   Auto Major Mode   Mode Help   Minor Mode Conventions   Keymaps and Minor Modes   Mode Line Data   Mode Line Variables   %-Constructs   Documentation Basics   Accessing Documentation   Keys in Documentation   Describing Characters   Help Functions   Visiting Files   Saving Buffers   Reading from Files   Writing to Files   File Locks   Information about Files   Contents of Directories   Changing Files   File Names   Visiting Functions   Subroutines of Visiting   Testing Accessibility   Kinds of Files   File Attributes   File Name Components   Directory Names   Relative File Names   File Name Expansion   Unique File Names   File Name Completion   Backup Files   Auto-Saving   Reverting   Making Backups   Rename or Copy   Numbered Backups   Backup Names   Buffer Basics   Buffer Names   Buffer File Name   Buffer Modification   Modification Time   Read Only Buffers   The Buffer List   Creating Buffers   Killing Buffers   Current Buffer   Basic Windows   Splitting Windows   Deleting Windows   Selecting Windows   Cyclic Window Ordering   Buffers and Windows   Displaying Buffers   Window Point   Window Start   Vertical Scrolling   Horizontal Scrolling   Size of Window   Resizing Windows   Window Configurations   Creating Frames   Multiple Displays   Frame Parameters   Frame Titles   Deleting Frames   Finding All Frames   Frames and Windows   Minibuffers and Frames   Input Focus   Visibility of Frames   Raising and Lowering   Frame Configurations   Mouse Tracking   Mouse Position   Pop-Up Menus   Dialog Boxes   Pointer Shapes   Window System Selections   Color Names   Resources   Display Feature Testing   Point   Motion   Excursions   Narrowing   Character Motion   Word Motion   Buffer End Motion   Text Lines   Screen Lines   List Motion   Skipping Characters   Overview of Markers   Predicates on Markers   Creating Markers   Information from Markers   Moving Markers   The Mark   The Region   Near Point   Buffer Contents   Insertion   Commands for Insertion   Deletion   User-Level Deletion   The Kill Ring   Undo   Auto Filling   Filling   Margins   Sorting   Indentation   Columns   Case Changes   Text Properties   Substitution   Transposition   Registers   Change Hooks   Kill Ring Concepts   Kill Functions   Yank Commands   Low-Level Kill Ring   Internals of Kill Ring   Primitive Indent   Mode-Specific Indent   Region Indent   Relative Indent   Indent Tabs   Motion by Indent   Examining Properties   Changing Properties   Property Search   Special Properties   Format Properties   Sticky Properties   Saving Properties   Lazy Properties   Clickable Text   Fields   Not Intervals   Text Representations   Converting Representations   Selecting a Representation   Character Codes   Character Sets   Chars and Bytes   Splitting Characters   Scanning Charsets   Translation of Characters   Coding Systems   Input Methods   Locales   String Search   Regular Expressions   Regexp Search   Match Data   Saving Match Data   Standard Regexps   Searching and Case   Syntax of Regexps   Regexp Example   Syntax Descriptors   Syntax Table Functions   Parsing Expressions   Standard Syntax Tables   Syntax Table Internals   Syntax Class Table   Syntax Flags   Abbrev Mode   Abbrev Tables   Defining Abbrevs   Abbrev Files   Abbrev Expansion   Standard Abbrev Tables   Subprocess Creation   Synchronous Processes   Asynchronous Processes   Deleting Processes   Process Information   Input to Processes   Signals to Processes   Output from Processes   Sentinels   Network   Process Buffers   Filter Functions   Accepting Output   Starting Up   Getting Out   System Environment   Terminal Input   Terminal Output   Flow Control   Batch Mode   Startup Summary   Init File   Terminal-Specific   Command-Line Arguments   Killing Emacs   Suspending Emacs   Refresh Screen   Truncation   The Echo Area   Selective Display   Overlay Arrow   Temporary Displays   Waiting   Blinking   Usual Display   Beeping   Window Systems   Building Emacs   Pure Storage   Garbage Collection   Object Internals   Writing Emacs Primitives   Buffer Internals   Window Internals   Process Internals


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